NAD+ supplements have really taken off in recent years, and it’s no wonder — they’re often touted as one of the top ways to combat aging and the health issues that come with it. NAD is a molecule naturally found in our bodies that is involved in cellular energy production and is needed for all our bodily functions.
If you’re into longevity, adding NAD+ supplements to your routine might be something to think about. But, of course, it’s crucial to find the right formula that works for you.
That’s why we’ve put together a list of the 8 best NAD+ boosters in 2024 to help you choose the perfect one.
Best NAD+ supplement providers: shortlist
- Tru Niagen — overall best NAD+ supplement with NR
- partiQlar — best NAD+ supplement from a quality supplier
- Wonderfeel — best NAD+ supplement formula for cognitive clarity
- Elysium — best nicotinamide riboside supplement
- Purovitalis — best European-made NAD+ supplement
- GenuinePurity — best NAD+ booster for serving size
- ProHealth — best NAD+ supplement with trimethylglycine TMG
- VitalityPRO — best NAD+ supplement with better stability
Your well-being is our top priority. Our in-house Research team and expert fact-checkers diligently review every content piece, ensuring you receive accurate, safe, and up-to-date health information to support your health decisions. Get an inside look at our thorough testing framework.
Comparison of the top NAD+ brands
Brand | Servings per bottle | Cost per bottle | Cost per serving | Dosage per serving | Supplement form | |
Tru Niagen | 90 | $119.95 | $1.33 | 300 mg (NR) | Non-liposomal capsules | |
partiQlar | 60 | $79.99 | $1.33 | 500 mg (NMN) | Non-liposomal capsules | |
Wonderfeel | 60 | $88.00 | $2.93 | 900 mg (NMN) | Non-liposomal capsules | |
Elysium | 60 | $60.00 | $2.00 | 250 mg (NR) | Non-liposomal capsules | |
Purovitalis | 30 | $65.00 | $2.16 | 250 mg (NMN) | Liposomal capsules | |
GenuinePurity | 60 | $79.00 | $1.31 | 250 mg (NMN) | Liposomal capsules | |
ProHealth | 60 | $64.95 | $2.16 | 500 mg of NR, 250 mg of TMG | Capsules | |
VitalityPRO | 60 | $51.00 | $1.70 | 500 mg (NMN) | Delayed-release capsules |
Below are some additional products from the brands reviewed above for increasing NAD+.
Brand | NAD+ precursor | Delivery method | Price per bottle | Price per serving | Dosage |
partiQlar | NR | Capsules | $47.99 | $0.79 | 350 mg |
ProHealth | NMN | Capsules | $58.00 | $1.93 | 500 mg |
VitalityPRO | NR | Capsules | $64.00 | $0.71 | 300 mg |
NAD+ supplements reviews in 2024
In our review of the best NAD+ supplements, we’ve highlighted 8 top providers. Even though they all aim to support the same primary function, these supplements differ in their formulations and other key factors.
When putting this list together, we looked at things like brand reputation, purity, price, and serving ratio to ensure you’re getting the best options available.
1. Tru Niagen — overall best NAD+ supplement with NR
Tru Niagen has made a name for itself with its patented Niagen® Nicotinamide riboside (NR) compound, which claims to boost NAD+ levels by 50%, potentially supporting longevity.
The Tru Niagen NAD+ supplement is designed for everyday use. Each capsule contains 300 mg of NR in the form of nicotinamide riboside chloride — considered a more stable version of the compound. The brand suggests taking one capsule 1–3 times daily, but it’s always best to check with your healthcare provider first.
It’s also worth noting that Niagen® has been recognized as “generally safe” by the FDA (GRAS). Plus, Tru Niagen supplements are manufactured in GMP-certified facilities and are NSF Certified for Sport.
A bottle with 90 servings is priced at $119.95, which breaks down to about $1.33 per serving. The brand also offers four different bottle sizes, giving you some flexibility in your purchase.
What users liked about Tru Niagen
- It does what it says. Many users on Reddit, Amazon, and Trustpilot find that Tru Niagen’s performance aligns with its purported benefits. They report experiencing noticeable effects, particularly in terms of energy.
- Effects on skin. Satisfied customers also appreciate the supplement's impact on their skin. They report that it reduces age spots and helps them feel younger.
- Improved sleep quality. Others have observed that Tru Niagen inadvertently benefits their sleep, leading to increased daytime energy and better nighttime rest.
What users disliked about Tru Niagen
- High cost. A common complaint among users is the price of Tru Niagen. Many feel that the supplement is expensive, especially considering it needs to be taken consistently for the best results.
- Lack of effect. Some people mention that they don’t notice any significant effects with Tru Niagen.
- Side effects. Some users report experiencing unwanted side effects after taking Tru Niagen, including a faster heart rate, itching, and the appearance of pimples.
2. partiQlar — best NAD+ supplement from a quality supplier
partiQlar sources its NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide) from Efferpharm, a top supplier in the USA. Their products come with certifications from United States Pharmacopeia (USP), NSF, and Underwriters Laboratories (UL), so you can trust the quality.
The NMN in these supplements is third-party tested and is 99% pure. Plus, it’s produced in cGMP-certified facilities, following FDA guidelines.
Each capsule delivers 500 mg of NMN and is intended to be taken once daily.
If you’re after a reasonable dosage, convenient serving size, and affordable price, partiQlar NMN could be a good fit. The brand offers significant discounts on multi-bottle purchases, but if you prefer a one-time purchase, a two-month supply costs $79.99, which rounds out to $1.33 per serving.
What users liked about partiQlar
- Noticeable effects. Many users rave about the effects they experience, highlighting increased energy and reduced brain fog as key benefits.
- Boost in energy. Another common theme in reviews is the increase in energy. Users often note how it helps them perform better, be it at the gym or just in general.
- Reliable customer service. The brand’s customer service team receives high praise from customers, who describe them as fast, reliable, and quick to respond to emails requesting assistance.
What users disliked about partiQlar
- Shipping-related matters. Some customers have reported longer-than-expected delivery times and delays in customer support responses.
- Price tag. A common complaint is the supplement's cost. While many users acknowledge the suggested benefits, some still find the price a bit steep.
- Delivery method. Customers are divided on partiQlar's delivery service, with some reporting damaged packages upon arrival.
3. Wonderfeel — best NAD+ supplement formula for cognitive clarity
Wonderfeel Youngr NMN is our top recommendation for those looking to support mental clarity. Its formulation, which combines ergothioneine from lion’s mane and porcini mushrooms with vitamin D3, is designed to help combat brain aging and enhance cognitive health.
So, if you're looking for an NAD+ supplement that offers extra health benefits, this one is worth considering. With a 99% purity level and a dose of 900 mg of NMN daily, it also stacks up well with other options on the market.
A bottle of Wonderfeel Youngr NMN costs $88.00, translating to about $2.93 per serving. For its formula, it’s a solid choice that won’t break the bank.
What users liked about Wonderfeel Youngr
- Benefits from the start. Wonderfeel Youngr NMN users have reported various advantages, particularly improved sleep quality, with faster onset, deeper rest, and more rejuvenating mornings.
- Even more benefits. Many users also experience enhanced physical performance, including reduced pain, greater endurance, and quicker recovery times. Cognitive benefits, such as improved memory and focus, are also commonly highlighted.
- Subscription option. Some customers find value in the brand’s subscription model, which helps reduce the cost of the supplement.
What users disliked about Wonderfeel Youngr
- Lacking performance. On the other hand, some users did not notice any changes even after several months of use.
- Price. The price is also a sticking point for many, with some finding it expensive, especially when no noticeable benefits are observed.
- Dosage. A lower dosage option was something that several users felt the supplement was missing.
4. Elysium — best nicotinamide riboside supplement
Elysium’s Basis contains a patent-pending raw material, which we think makes it one of the best nicotinamide riboside dietary supplements out there. This supplement also includes pterostilbene, which is structurally similar to resveratrol. It is an antioxidant that protects cells from oxidative stress and premature aging at a cellular level.
The supplement is NSF Certified for Sport and produced in GMP-certified facilities. It’s also third-party tested and 99% pure, according to the makers. It delivers 250 mg of NR and 50 mg of pterostilbene with each serving.
Priced at $60.00 for a 30-day supply, Elysium’s Basis is a solid option that’s both affordable and, most importantly, clinically tested. It's available for purchase in both Canada and the USA.
What users liked about Elysium
- Observable effects. Users mention feeling more energized, noticing better skin, and experiencing improved joint health, attributing these benefits to Elysium Basis.
- Formulation. People also appreciate Elysium's focus on quality and scientifically-backed ingredients. This builds trust and satisfaction among customers.
- Organization. Many have highlighted the brand's transparency, reliable customer service, and prompt delivery as additional positives.
What users disliked about Elysium
- Subscription. Some users have found the subscription models a bit confusing, especially with automatic orders and their frequency.
- Shipping. While many enjoyed fast delivery, there were others who faced delays. It seems there's room for improvement in shipping consistency.
- Customer support. A number of people have voiced frustration over product handling and customer service issues.
5. Purovitalis — best European-made NAD+ supplement
Purovitalis is a Netherlands-based longevity company focused on supporting graceful aging with innovative scientific methods. Its NMN supplement is produced in Europe at GMP-certified facilities, and its purity level is said to be 99%.
What sets Purovitalis apart is not only its high purity but also its use of patented liposomal technology. This technology is intended to enhance the bioavailability of NMN so that more of the compound is absorbed by the body.
Each Purovitalis capsule contains 125 mg of NMN. The recommended dosage is two capsules daily, one in the morning and one at night.
Purovitalis offers its NMN product in either 60- or 120-count bottles. The standard 60-count bottle is priced at $65.00 and will last a month if you follow the recommended dosage.
Purovitalis ships worldwide at affordable rates, including standard shipping within the U.S. for $6.99 and express shipping for $14.99.
What users liked about Purovitalis
- Quality and benefits. Users often praise the well-packaged glass bottles, while others report positive effects, like increased energy and better sleep, after just a short time using Purovitalis NMN.
- Fast delivery. Fast delivery is another highlight, with many reviewers impressed by how quickly their orders arrive, even for international shipments.
- Customer support. The customer support team also gets a thumbs-up, with positive reviews mentioning the helpful and professional service that makes the buying experience smooth and easy.
What users disliked about Purovitalis
- Organizational issues. Some customers have run into problems with Purovitalis, such as receiving incorrect products, facing long delivery times, and dealing with customs issues.
- Customer service concerns. Others weren’t too happy with Purovitalis' customer service, finding certain representatives unhelpful or challenging to work with when trying to resolve order issues.
- Returns. A few customers also mentioned that returning unwanted items was either difficult or came with high costs.
6. GenuinePurity — best NAD+ booster for serving size
GenuinePurity earns our nod as the best NAD+ booster for its convenient serving size. Taking just one capsule daily provides 250 mg of Liposomal NMN, making it a great choice for those who are always on the go or prefer to keep their capsule intake minimal.
This NMN product is of 96% purity and is manufactured in cGMP-certified facilities. It’s also free from allergens, GMOs, and preservatives, and it’s vegan-friendly.
A bottle of GenuinePurity costs $79.00, which works out to $1.31 per serving.
What users liked about GenuinePurity
- Better sleep. Many customers notice benefits, particularly when it comes to sleep. They see even better scores while tracking their sleep metrics and report feeling more energetic in the mornings.
- Sustained energy. Others praise the product for the steady energy boost it provides, noting that it helped sharpen their mental focus and kept them energized throughout the day.
- Healthier skin. For others, it was the skin. Some users mention a visible improvement, saying they notice a difference in its radiance.
What users disliked about GenuinePurity
- Mixed effects. Some customers have reported not feeling any benefits from GenuinePurity’s NMN even after using it for a while, suggesting it might not work for everyone.
- Overhyped claims. A few users feel that the claims about the product’s benefits might be exaggerated, leading them to question the science behind the supplement.
- Price tag. While pricing can be subjective, some find GenuinePurity NMN to be relatively expensive compared to similar products on the market.
7. ProHealth — best NAD+ supplement with trimethylglycine TMG
For those in search of a pure dietary supplement, ProHealth Nicotinamide Riboside Pro 500 is a solid choice. It includes 500 mg of NIAGEN® NR and 250 mg of trimethylglycine (TMG), which is intended to support metabolism, cellular function, and the body's methylation processes.
The provider shares a Certificate of Analysis (COA) to confirm that the contents of the capsule match the label. The supplement is also claimed to be Pharmaceutical Grade and produced in cGMP facilities.
ProHealth Nicotinamide Riboside Pro 500 is free from artificial colors, flavors, soy, gluten, and animal-derived ingredients.
Each bottle packing 30 servings is priced at $64.95, which rounds out to $2.16 per serving.
What users liked about ProHealth
- Clean energy. Users report feeling more energized throughout the day with ProHealth, describing the change as natural and clean.
- Timely delivery. Fast and timely deliveries are something that customers find reassuringly positive.
- Formulation. Some also single out the formulation, particularly appreciating the addition of TMG.
What users disliked about ProHealth
- Unwanted effects. Some users reported experiencing unwanted side effects with the supplement.
- Impact. Several people mentioned that they didn’t notice much of a difference after taking it, suggesting it might not work the same for everyone.
- Price. The price is another downside, with some users finding ProHealth more expensive compared to similar products.
8. VitalityPRO — best NAD+ supplement with better stability
VitalityPRO’s NMN is a single-ingredient dietary supplement that uses delayed-release capsules. This approach is meant to control the release of NMN and improve absorption.
The third-party testing of VitalityPRO nicotinamide mononucleotide is on the product page. The results of this independent laboratory testing show 99% purity. The product is also ISO 9001 certified.
The provider recommends taking 2, 3, or 4 capsules daily for the best results. Keep in mind that the bottle contains 60 capsules, so if you take more than 2 capsules a day, it won’t last as long. Each capsule provides 250 mg of NMN.
VitalityPRO NMN is also a great option for those looking for a more affordable supplement. A bottle costs $51.00, which comes out to $1.70 per serving when taking 2 capsules daily.
What users liked about VitalityPRO
- Fast delivery. Many reviewers praise the quick and efficient delivery of VitalityPRO orders.
- Overall quality. Users also discuss the product’s quality, noting the easy-to-swallow capsules and the good value for the price.
- Quality assurance practices. Others appreciate the independent testing and manufacturing standards, which give them confidence in the product’s safety and purity.
What users disliked about VitalityPRO
- Issues with orders. Some customers have reported issues with incorrect orders and missed or returned deliveries.
- Shipping concerns. Some users are concerned that hot weather might affect the product’s quality during shipping and worry about temperature control during that process.
- Fluctuating results. While many users report benefits, others notice minimal or no effects at all.
How did we choose the best NAD+ supplement brand?
To put together a list of truly the best NAD+ supplements out there, we looked for these specific quality markers.
Purity | Manufacturing standards | Third-party tested | Bioavailability | Customer trust |
95–99% | Made in GMP-certified and FDA-compliant facilities | Independent lab testing | High, enhanced, or liposomal | Real feedback from real users |
- Purity. The higher the purity, the better the chance that a supplement is free from harmful substances. We focused on products with a purity level between 95% and 99%.
- Manufacturing standards. We prioritized brands that manufacture their supplements in GMP-certified and FDA-compliant facilities. This adherence to high manufacturing standards helps ensure that the supplements are free from harmful byproducts or chemicals.
- Third-party tested. The best NAD+ supplements are usually third-party tested by independent laboratories to establish their quality and purity. Naturally, we favored supplements that have gone through this testing.
- Bioavailability. The level of bioavailability is essential since it indicates how likely the promised amount of the molecule in the capsule will actually get absorbed.
- Customer trust. We preferred brands that are transparent and display real, unbiased customer reviews on their own sites as well as on independent platforms.
Buying the best NAD+ supplement: what to consider?
When picking the best NAD+ supplements, it's important to look beyond just purity and manufacturing. Here are some quality factors we considered for our list, and we recommend keeping these in mind during your own research.
- Price per serving. NAD+ supplements can be pricey, especially because of factors like sourcing and the form of the supplement. However, you can still find high-quality options that are reasonably priced. Look for dietary supplements priced between $1 and $3 per daily serving.
- Ingredients. Some NAD+ supplements also include extras like resveratrol, TMG, pterostilbene, and vitamins in their formulas. If you’re looking for added health benefits, it’s worth considering supplements with these ingredients.
- Dosage. If you're new to NAD+ boosters, think of starting from lower doses following a doctor's consultation. Available studies suggest that up to 1000 mg of NMN and 500 mg of NR per day is safe and well-tolerated for most healthy people.
- Type of NAD+ precursor. Some people prefer NMN because it might convert to NAD+ faster in the body. Others stick with NR since it’s been available on the market for a longer time.
Benefits of NAD+ supported by science
Increasing NAD+ levels in the body may help support healthy aging. Here’s what David Sinclair, a renowned longevity scientist from Harvard Medical School, says about NMN:
"When you give the body NMN, the body gets all the necessary components — sugars, phosphate, and Vitamin B3 attached — to make NAD+. Studies with mammals demonstrated that mice supplemented with NMN showed longer lifespan and stamina."
Let us discuss how best NAD supplements induce these benefits and if there is scientific backing for these effects.
Nerve system support
While ongoing studies are exploring how NAD+ supplements might be used for neurological disorders, current data suggests that NMN, NR, and NAD+ could potentially help with some symptoms of cognitive decline.
Preclinical research suggests NAD+ precursors could be effective for different forms of dementia.
Skin health
One reason our skin ages is inflammation caused by oxidative stress. The best NAD+ boosters might help reduce the buildup of reactive oxygen species, which may support skin health.
Some animal studies suggest that NMN could also lower melanin production in hyperpigmentation related to aging, but more research on humans is needed to confirm these findings.
Body weight management
A study showed that people who are overweight or obese may have lower NAD+ levels. The authors concluded that increasing this essential cofactor through supplementation could help with weight management.
NAD+ supplements might potentially help with weight management by increasing adiponectin, which is a hormone that helps regulate metabolic processes.
Regular circadian rhythms
Aging often brings disrupted sleep patterns, partly due to a decline in sleep hormones.
A study conducted with mice showed that daily NR supplementation in drinking water has an effect on both metabolism and the body's internal clock as we age.
Are NAD+ supplements effective?
Numerous clinical studies suggest that NAD+ supplements can be effective. Elevated NAD+ levels in the body have been shown to positively impact signs of aging.
There are two main NAD+ precursors — NMN and NR. Both aim to increase NAD+ levels but differ in how they’re metabolized in the body.
NR needs to go through two biochemical reactions to become NAD+, which requires more energy and complex biochemical modifications. Choosing a high-quality nicotinamide riboside supplement might help increase NAD+ levels in the human body.
On the other hand, NMN is just one reaction away from becoming NAD+, so it requires fewer biochemical modifications to be converted.
Some people prefer powdered NAD+ booster supplements because they’re usually more affordable, but they may not be as convenient for others.
When comparing products, many people weigh options like liposomal versus regular NMN or NR. For better bioavailability, prioritize liposomal forms in your choice of NAD+ boosters.
What are NAD+ supplements?
NAD+ supplements are essentially encapsulated or powdered NMN or NR that may boost the levels of the NAD+ coenzyme in the body. NAD+ stands for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a crucial molecule essential for life in all living organisms.
As NAD+ levels decrease with age, it can lead to impaired cellular function and signs of premature aging. Fortunately, there are ways to restore NAD+ levels using precursors like NMN, NR, nicotinic acid (NA), and nicotinamide (NAM).
NAD, NAD+, and NADH
NAD is the general term used to describe NAD+ and NADH. NAD is an important molecule essential for cellular respiration — the process of converting nutrients into energy.
NAD+ is the oxidized form of NAD, and the “+” sign indicates that the molecule is charged.
NAD+ undergoes a reaction where it attaches to hydrogen to become NADH.
NAD+ vs. NMN
Although NMN and NAD+ are both equally crucial for cellular energy production, they are distinct molecules. They naturally occur in the body but tend to decrease with age or due to certain diseases and harmful exposures.
NMN is a precursor to NAD+, and it’s a smaller molecule than NAD+. It’s believed that NMN is more easily absorbed into the bloodstream.
NAD+ delivery methods reviewed
NMN can be taken in several forms, including capsules, sublingual tablets, oral sprays, and powders. Each method has a unique way of delivering NMN to your system before it’s converted into NAD+. Here’s a closer look at how each of these forms works.
Powder | Liposomal capsules | Sublingual tablets | Oral spray | |
Price | Comparably cheaper | Higher priced | Comparably affordable | Cost-effective |
Usage method | Measuring with a scoop and mixing with food or water | Oral intake | Placed under the tongue to dissolve | Oral intake |
Pros | Pure powder without other ingredients | Pre-measured dose, targeted delivery | Convenient intake and pre-measured dose | Convenient on-the-go usage |
Cons | Precise dosing may be hard | Can be pricy, there is also a need for studies regarding the absorption rate | Might have an acidic taste | Might have an acidic taste |
Possible side effects when taking NAD+ supplements
Studies generally find NAD+ boosters containing either NMN or NR to be safe up to certain doses. However, regarding NMN, there is currently a lack of clinical safety and efficacy studies.
However, taking very high doses of these compounds might cause some mild side effects, such as:
- Nausea
- Mild headaches
- Diarrhea
- Upset stomach
- Fatigue
It’s always a good idea to consult your doctor before starting any new supplement, especially if you have a medical condition or are on prescription medications. NAD+ supplements might interact with specific drugs, so a quick chat with your healthcare provider can help avoid any unexpected issues.
How else you can increase NAD+ levels
You can also increase your NAD+ levels naturally with just a few lifestyle changes. Here’s what longevity experts recommend:
- Making dietary changes. Add NMN-rich foods to your diet. Some great sources of NMN include tomatoes, broccoli, edamame, cucumbers, and shrimp.
- Exercising. While it might not directly raise NAD+ levels, low-intensity exercise helps increase ATP production, which is the main energy source for cells.
- Trying intermittent fasting. Fasting can increase cellular NAD+ levels, which could help cells become more resilient to stress. Fasting may not be suitable for everyone so you may want to consult with a healthcare professional.
Learn about the benefits of the best longevity supplements
Should you need anti-inflammatory support, explore the best resveratrol supplements.
If your goal is to age gracefully, the best longevity supplements may help you achieve it.
If you are looking for immune support, consider trying the best ashwagandha supplements.
For those seeking stress relief, the best ashwagandha gummies are worth exploring.
If you are considering adding NMN to your routine, give these best NMN products a try.
Replenish your NAD+ levels to support healthy aging using the best NR supplements.
FAQ
What is the best NAD supplement in 2024?
According to us, Tru Niagen. While no single brand is perfect for everyone, our market review suggests that Tru Niagen might be the best option for promoting healthy, slow aging. This brand offers high-purity, bioavailable NR supplements at safe doses.
What are the different types of NAD+ boosters?
There are a few. NAD+ boosters is a broad term of dietary supplements that may include NMN, NR, and other NAD+ precursors. The different precursors have various chemical pathways however, they all generally aim to increase NAD+ levels to some degree.
Are NAD+ supplements safe?
Still not definitive. NMN and NR, the common compounds found in NAD+ boosters, are generally safe and well-tolerated. Clinical studies show that taking these supplements at researched doses doesn’t lead to significant adverse effects. Despite this, current research efforts on NMN still point to a lack of clinical safety studies.
Do NAD+ boosters really work?
We can't say for certain yet. Clinical trials and user feedback suggest that NAD+ boosters can be effective. However, most studies are conducted on animals, and there is not enough human research to make a definitive conclusion. Individual responses to supplements can vary. You might notice benefits over time, or they might not be immediately apparent.
10 resources
- NIH. The Science Behind NMN–A Stable, Reliable NAD+ Activator and Anti-Aging Molecule.
- NIH. A reduced form of nicotinamide riboside defines a new path for NAD+ biosynthesis and acts as an orally bioavailable NAD+ precursor.
- MDPI. Possible Adverse Effects of High-Dose Nicotinamide: Mechanisms and Safety Assessment.
- FDA. Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) Determination For Niagen (Nicotinamide Riboside Chloride).
- Nutrients. Supplementation with NAD+ and Its Precursors to Prevent Cognitive Decline across Disease Contexts.
- JCEM. Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Augmentation in Overweight or Obese Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Physiologic Study.
- Frontiers in nutrition. The effects of NAD+ precursor (nicotinic acid and nicotinamide) supplementation on weight loss and related hormones: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis of randomized controlled trials.
- Molecular cell. NAD+ Controls Circadian Reprogramming through PER2 Nuclear Translocation to Counter Aging.
- IMCJ. The Science Behind NMN–A Stable, Reliable NAD+Activator and Anti-Aging Molecule.
- The Journal of Physiology. Low intensity exercise in humans accelerates mitochondrial ATP production and pulmonary oxygen kinetics during subsequent more intense exercise.
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