Navigating the intricate world of CBD oil for cats can be challenging, especially when searching for the best option to alleviate mental and physical discomfort in your feline companion.
CBD, or cannabidiol, a compound derived from hemp, may support your pet’s quality of life. With a plethora of options available, we have simplified the process by curating a list of the top 5 CBD products for cats.
Read on as we explore these brands, each promising superior quality and effectiveness.
Our best CBD oils for cats: shortlist
- R&R — best multifunctional CBD tincture for pets
- BATCH — best CBD oil to calm the cats
- Cornbread Hemp — best full-spectrum CBD for cats
- NuLeaf Naturals — best full-spectrum CBD oil for cats
- Aspen Green — great CBD oil for joints
- FOCL — best CBD oil for cat anxiety
- Medterra — best minimal ingredient CBD oil for cats
- Penguin brands — best no-THC CBD oil to calm the cats
- Holista Pet — best CBD oil for cats with a wide strength range
- CBDistillery — the best U.S.-grown hemp CBD tincture for cats
Comparing the best CBD for cats brands
| Product | Price (one-time purchase) | Supply size (per bottle) | CBD type | CBD strength (one bottle) | Available flavors | Our pick for |
| R&R | $45 | 30 ml | Full-spectrum | 750 mg | Unflavored | Best multifunctional CBD tincture for pets |
| BATCH | $64.99 | 30 ml | Full-spectrum | 750 mg | Bacon, salmon | Best CBD oil for calming cats |
| Cornbread | $49.99 | 30 ml | Full-spectrum | 750 mg | Cornbread | Best full-spectrum CBD for cats |
| NuLeaf Naturals | $19.00* | 5/15/30 ml | Full-spectrum | 300/900/1800 mg | N/A | Best full-spectrum CBD oil for cats |
| Aspen Green | $29.99 | 30 ml | Full-spectrum | 250 mg | Bacon, unflavored | Great CBD oil to support joint health in cats |
| FOCL | $29.00* | 30 ml | Broad-spectrum | 300/600 mg | Peanut butter, wild salmon, savory chicken | Best CBD oil for distress in cats |
| Medterra | $24.99 | 30 ml | Isolate | 300/750/1200 mg | Unflavored, beef, chicken | Best minimal ingredient CBD oil for cats |
| Penguin Brands | $40 | 30 ml | Broad-spectrum | 150 mg | Salmon | Best no-THC CBD oil to calm the cats |
| HolistaPet | $29.95 | 15 ml | Broad-spectrum | 150/300/600/1200/3000 mg | Original, Chicken, Salmon | Best CBD oil for cats with a wide strength range |
| CBDistillery | $44 | 30 ml | Full-spectrum | 600 mg | Unflavored | Best U.S.-grown hemp CBD tincture for cats |
* — prices vary depending on the total CBD amount within a single bottle.
Best CBD oil for cats: an overview
Our list of top CBD oils for cats includes NuLeaf Naturals, BATCH, Joy Organics, Aspen Green, and FOCL.
These brands have been chosen for their commitment to quality, third-party testing, diverse CBD strengths, affordable pricing, and adherence to sustainability standards, promising safe CBD solutions for your feline friends.
1. R&R — best multifunctional CBD tincture for pets
R&R has created a CBD tincture for pets that may help address age-related pains, achy joints, travel and occasional anxiety, and sleep issues.
In addition to the full-spectrum CBD blend, the tincture includes terpenes, which may enhance the benefits through the suggested entourage effect, and flavonoids, which may provide additional anti-inflammatory and antioxidative support.
A 1 ml (40 drops) serving contains 25 mg of CBD, 2.8 mg of other cannabinoids, and 0.3 mg of THC. The products are third-party tested and certified to ensure label accuracy.
Here is the dose, as recommended by R&R:
| Pet weight | Suggested dose |
| 1–25 lbs (0.45–11.34 kg) | 0.25 ml |
| 26–50 lbs (11.79–22.68 kg) | 0.25–0.50 ml |
| 51–100+ lbs (23–45.4 kg) | 0.50–1.0 ml |
A single 30 ml bottle costs $45 ($1.5 per ml).
R&R offers a great multifunctional full-spectrum CBD tincture for pets to aid in addressing anxiety, sleep issues, and physical discomforts. We like the comprehensive formulation that is suggested to provide various benefits. The graded dropper is also convenient for measuring different doses.
2. BATCH — best CBD oil for cat relaxation
BATCH pet CBD oil tincture is a carefully crafted product using hemp farmed in Wisconsin, USA. It employs an ethanol extraction method to produce a full-spectrum oil, preserving the beneficial cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids from the hemp plant.
Third-party testing ensures CBD strength matches that indicated on the label, assuring consumers of a high-quality product.
The tincture contains full-spectrum hemp extract, coconut MCT oil, and a tailored terpene blend, with a CBD strength of 12.5 mg per 0.5 ml, coming in a supply of 30 ml bottles. The total CBD strength amounts to 750 mg, and the recommended dosages (1–2 times a day) are:
| Pet weight | Suggested dose |
| per 10 lbs. (4.5 kg) | 3–5 mg of CBD |
A bottle of BATCH’s pet CBD oil costs $64.99.
BATCH has made it to our list because of its hands-on approach from seed-to-sale, thoughtfully formulated products, and the inclusion of beneficial terpenes, demonstrating their commitment to producing a wholesome CBD oil for cats in need of calmness.
3. Cornbread Hemp — best full-spectrum CBD for cats
Cornbread Hemp Full Spectrum CBD Oil for Pets is distilled from organic Flower-Only hemp. The one serving of oil has 25 mg of CBD and 0.5 mg of THC.
The oil is vegan and third-party tested for label accuracy. To show transparency, Cornbread Hemp provides a certificate of analysis on its website. The product comes in a 30 ml bottle in 750 mg strength.
The recommended serving sizes, provided by the brand, are conveniently graded on the dropper.
| Pet weight | Suggested dose |
| 20 lbs (9.1 kg) | 7 mg |
| 40 lbs (18.1 kg) | 13 mg |
| 60 lbs (27.2 kg) | 19 mg |
| 80 lbs (36.29 kg) | 25 mg |
A one-time purchase of 30 ml costs $49.99 ($1.67 per 1 ml).
Cornbread Hemp CBD Oil for Pets is a full-spectrum product that has been distilled to be light, refined, and almost flavorless. The brand suggests that the product is suitable for dogs and cats; however, it may be harder to get the dosing right for smaller pets.
4. NuLeaf Naturals — best overall CBD oil for cats
NuLeaf Naturals pet CBD oil, farmed from 100% organic hemp in Colorado, uses a clean CO2 extraction method to produce full-spectrum CBD oil rich in terpenes and cannabinoids.
Third-party lab testing guarantees CBD concentration, and consistency of each batch.
The product’s sole ingredients are full-spectrum hemp extract and organic virgin hemp seed oil, with a potency of 6 mg CBD per 0.1 ml, coming in supplies of 5/15/30 ml bottles. The total CBD strength in aforementioned supplies ranges between 300/900/1800 mg, and the recommended dosage is:
| Pet weight | Suggested dose |
| per 25 lbs. (11.3 kg) | 2 drops (6 mg of CBD) |
Pricing ranges between $19.00, $49.00, and $89.00 accordingly.
NuLeaf Naturals is a standout provider for its meticulous sourcing, extraction, and testing processes, ensuring your cat receives high-quality, pure, and potent CBD oil. This dedication to quality and purity makes it a top pick in our list of CBD oils for cats.
5. Aspen Green — a good CBD oil choice for cat joint pain relief
Aspen Green Calm & Mobility for small dogs and cats offers an organic full-spectrum CBD oil derived from hemp grown in the nutrient-rich soil of Colorado, USA. Using a supercritical CO2 extraction method, it ensures the preservation of beneficial cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids.
Every batch undergoes third-party testing for over 200 compounds, ensuring safety from contaminants and quality of the product.
Ingredients include full-spectrum hemp extract and organic virgin hemp seed oil, delivering 8 mg of CBD per 1 ml. A 30 ml bottle includes a total amount of 250 mg CBD strength — a lower CBD strength formulated for smaller pets. The recommended dosages (twice per day) are:
| Pet weight | Suggested dose |
| <6 lbs. (<2.7 kg) | 0.25 ml |
| 7–15 lbs. (3.2–6.8 kg) | 0.25–0.5 ml |
| 16–24 lbs. (7.3–10.9 kg) | 0.5–0.75 ml |
A single bottle of Aspen Green’s Calm & Mobility for small pets costs $29.99.
Aspen Green distinguishes itself with its commitment to organic and toxin-free products, stringent quality control, and transparency. Its dedication to producing high quality CBD oil justifies its place on our top picks.
6. FOCL — top CBD oil for managing occasional cat anxiety
FOCL CBD pet drops utilize hemp cultivated in New Mexico, USA, using sustainable farming practices. The brand applies a clean CO2 extraction method to produce broad-spectrum CBD oil, free of THC but rich in other beneficial cannabinoids and terpenes.
The product undergoes third-party testing to ensure quality, and consistency.
With ingredients that include broad-spectrum hemp extract and MCT oil, this product provides two strength options, either 10 mg or 20 mg of CBD per 1 ml. This totals to 300 or 600 mg of CBD per 30 ml bottle. The recommended doses are as follows:
| Pet weight | Suggested dose | 300 mg (drops) | 600 mg (drops) |
| 1–10 lbs. (0.4–4.5 kg) | 1–2 mg | 5–10 | 3–5 |
| 11–20 lbs. (5–9.1 kg) | 2–4 mg | 10–20 | 5–10 |
| 21–30 lbs. (9.5–13.6) | 4–6 mg | 20–30 | 10–15 |
| 31–40 lbs. (14.1–18.1 kg) | 6–8 mg | 30–40 | 15–20 |
| 41–50 lbs. (18.6–22.7 kg) | 8–10 mg | 40–50 | 20–25 |
| 51–60 lbs. (23–27.2 kg) | 10–12 mg | 50–60 | 25–30 |
| 60+ lbs. (27.2+ kg) | 12+ mg | 60+ | 30+ |
Depending on the total CBD strength, a single bottle of FOCL costs $29.90 or $39.00.
Notably, FOCL emphasizes the anxiolytic properties of their CBD oil, making it a suitable choice for cats in moments of distress. This, along with its commitment to transparency, stringent testing, and sustainable farming practices, positions FOCL as a worthy contender in our top CBD oils for cats.
7. Medterra — best minimal ingredient CBD oil for cats
Medterra’s Pet CBD oil is made from CBD isolate, which is mixed with MCT oil to promote balance and calmness and improve your pet's overall well-being. The hemp is non-GMO, organically grown in the U.S. and certified. To ensure adherence to the label, the products are third-party tested with certificates available on the website.
The oil is unflavored or available in beef and chicken flavors. Each bottle has a dropper applicator, allowing you to easily adjust serving sizes. There are three available strengths: 300 mg, 750 mg, and 1,200 mg. Here are the serving sizes recommended by the brand:
| Pet weight | Suggested dose |
| 0–10 lbs (0–0.45 kg) | 0.25 mg |
| 11–20 lbs (4.9–9 kg) | 0.5 mg |
| 21–50 lbs (9.5–22.7 kg) | 1 mg |
| 51–100 lbs (23–45 kg) | 2 mg |
| 101+ lbs (45.8+ kg) | 2.5 mg |
300 mg 30 ml bottle costs $24.99 ($0.83 per 1 ml).
Medterra made it to our list due to its minimal ingredients, good customer feedback, and third-party certification available on the website, highlighting the company’s commitment to transparency. We also liked that Medterra’s Pet CBD Oil has a minimal ingredients list, including only hemp extract and organic MCT oil.
8. Penguin — best no-THC CBD oil to calm the cats
Penguin CBD Cat Oil is derived from Oregon-grown hemp and comes in a salmon flavor. It is targeted at calming and improving your cat's quality of life.
It is made from a broad-spectrum extract acquired through effective CO2 extraction and is available in 150 mg strength. According to lab reports, there is no detectable THC.
The ingredients include hemp oil, MCT oil, natural flavor, and terpenes. The brand suggests using 1 ml as a serving size once or twice a day, which is about half the dropper that comes with the bottle.
The brand does not provide dosing recommendations based on the pet’s weight; thus, you should follow your veterinarian's recommendations.
One-time purchase of a 30 ml bottle costs $40 ($1.33 per ml).
We included Penguin brands in our list due to the value for money. It has also been well-recognized in several magazines and received good feedback. We also liked that the brand third-party tests to ensure label accuracy and makes the certification available to view on their website.
9. HolistaPet — best CBD oil for cats with a wide strength range
HolistaPet CBD Oil for Cats is a broad-spectrum CBD formulated to help calm your cat, aid mobility, and improve overall health. The brand uses U.S.-grown hemp and obtains CBD in a safe and solventless CO2 extraction process.
Holista uses all-natural, non-GMO ingredients. The product has no artificial ingredients, fillers, or preservatives and is 100% plant-based. To ensure label accuracy, Holista’s products are third-party tested.
Holista Pet CBD oil for cats comes in various strengths, ranging from 150 mg to 3,000 mg. A regular serving is 0.5 ml, and a strong serving is 1 ml for 150 and 300 mg bottles and 1 ml and 2 ml for 600 mg, 1,200 mg, and 3,000 mg bottles. Depending on the strength of the oil, the CBD concentration per serving can start at 5 mg and go up to 100 mg. However, these recommendations are brand-based, so it would be best to consult a veterinarian.
Each is available in three different flavors: original, chicken, and salmon. The CBD is broad-spectrum and contains no THC. The oil should be placed under the cat's tongue or mixed into their food or water. The recommended dosage by the brand is:
| Pet Weight | Suggested dose |
| 1 lb (0.45 kg) | 0.25–0.5 mg |
15 ml 150 mg strength bottle costs $29.95 ($2 per ml).
HolistaPet has made it to our list for offering third-party tested, high-quality broad-spectrum CBD oil for cats, which also comes in three flavors. We liked the possibility of customizing and adjusting the dose to fit your pet’s needs and veterinarian recommendations.
10. CBDistillery — the best U.S.-grown hemp CBD tincture for cats
CBDistillery offers a full-spectrum CBD tincture for pets. It is derived from U.S.-grown hemp seed oil, which has been cold-pressed and formulated specifically for pets for easy digestion.
The tincture may help with relieving pain and promoting relaxation, improving the overall well-being of your pet.
1 ml dose delivers 20 mg and has less than 0.3% THC. To ensure label accuracy, the product is third-party tested and certified.
The brand recommends shaking the bottle before use, as layering is normal. The serving sizes are adjustable by filling the dropper to your desired serving. The brand does not give recommendations based on pet size.
One-time purchase costs $44 for 30 ml ($1.47 per serving).
We like the formula's lower CBD content, with 20 mg of CBD per 1 ml, which is more convenient for initial low-dose administration to see whether your pet responds well. However, it may be hard to dose as the dropper is ungraded. The product also comes in only one flavor.
There exists a gap in the scientific literature concerning the safety, potential benefits, and risks of CBD administration to pets. While the market is abundant with various products containing cannabinoids for pets, the majority of existing research has solely utilized CBD without THC, thereby limiting our understanding of THC's safety in companion animals. Bearing this in mind, pet owners are encouraged to carefully consider whether any CBD product is suitable for their dogs/cats and discuss it with the veterinarian.
How we ranked the best CBD for cats
To identify the top 5 CBD drops for cats, we have scrutinized each brand using a rigorous evaluation process, focusing on the following criteria:
| Third-party testing | Available CBD strengths | Price range | Sustainability standards |
| Independent lab testing and certificates of analysis readily available (COAs) | 250–1800 mg of CBD per bottle | $19.00–$89.00 | USDA organic certification and non-GMO |
- Third-party testing. We gave priority to brands that undergo independent third-party testing to guarantee quality, safety from contaminants, and verify the strength of ingredients, and consistency.
- Available CBD strengths. Brands offering a range of strengths were considered superior, as they allow for dosage flexibility based on your cat’s size.
- Price range. We aimed to balance quality with affordability. Brands that offer value for money without compromising on quality scored higher.
- Sustainability standards. Brands adhering to stringent sustainability standards like USDA certification and non-GMO sourcing practices were preferred. This ensures that the products are environmentally friendly and free from harmful additives.
What to consider when picking the best CBD for your cat
When selecting the best CBD oil for your cat, consider these four crucial criteria:
- Quality of ingredients. Opt for products with natural, organic ingredients. Avoid products with additives, artificial flavors, or unnecessary fillers.
- Third-party testing. Choose brands that employ independent third-party testing to verify the product’s safety from contaminants, consistency, and potency of CBD. Test reports should be readily accessible.
- CBD concentration. Depending on your cat’s size, the appropriate CBD concentration may vary. Brands offering a variety of strengths allow you to tailor the dosage to your pet’s needs.
- Brand reputation. Research the brand’s reputation and customer reviews. A good reputation usually indicates a trustworthy brand that is transparent about its sourcing, manufacturing, and testing processes. Prioritize brands that prioritize your pet’s health and well-being.
Taking the last point into account is of the utmost importance. Studies have previously shown that there still are a lot of brands of veterinary hemp supplements that are not appropriately labeled — containing contaminants like toxic heavy metals.
Is CBD oil safe for cats?
Based on extremely limited research, CBD oil is generally considered safe for cats, but only when used appropriately. It is absolutely essential to choose a high-quality CBD oil specifically designed for pets, as some oils intended for humans may contain ingredients harmful to cats.
Some brands recommend starting with a low dose and monitoring your cat’s response. Always follow the recommended dosing on the product label. Consult a veterinarian before implementing CBD into your cat's daily regimen.
More research is needed to understand the full scope of potential side effects of CBD in cats. However, the existing evidence to date suggests that they can include sedation, gastrointestinal upset, or changes of behavior.
Ensuring proper dosage and taking into account your pet’s individual health situation are key factors in safely using CBD oil for cats.
What are the benefits of CBD oil for cats?
The potential of CBD oil in enhancing your feline friend’s health and well-being still needs further scientific investigation. The existing research into the CBD’s impact on cat physiology is still in its early stages. Here are some of the benefits being investigated:
May help with anxiety
CBD oil is often touted for its potential to help manage anxiety in cats, despite the lack of research substantiating these benefits.
More specifically, it has been proposed that the compound interacts with the endocannabinoid system, which regulates mood and stress levels. It is hypothesized that this interaction may reduce anxiety-induced behaviors such as excessive meowing, aggression, or over-grooming.
Has anti-inflammatory properties
With age, cats may be at risk of experiencing pain, joint stiffness, and reduced mobility. CBD oil is believed to possess anti-inflammatory properties that might help ease these concerns.
Due to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of cannabinoids, CBD could lessen inflammation and alleviate pain, improving your cat’s comfort and mobility.
Although CBD oil is not a cure, it may contribute to a better quality of life for your feline friend.
May combat aggression
Aggression in cats can be a sign of discomfort, fear, or anxiety. CBD oil, with its calming properties, may help manage these underlying issues.
By interacting with the endocannabinoid system, CBD could potentially reduce stress-related aggression, however, there is a lack of scientific research to support this. This natural approach could help your cat achieve a more relaxed and peaceful demeanor.
As with all new treatments, it is essential to consult with a veterinarian before introducing CBD into your cat’s routine.
Can giving CBD oil to cats cause side effects?
While CBD oil is generally well-tolerated, it can cause side effects in some cats.
According to scientific research, cats appear to exhibit more frequent mild adverse side effects compared to dogs, including head shaking and excessive licking.
This suggests that cats may not tolerate CBD as well as dogs. Other potential side effects can include sedation, gastrointestinal upset, or changes in behavior.
Always start with a low dose and monitor your cat’s response, adjusting as necessary under the guidance of a veterinarian.
Can I give CBD for cats of all ages?
Due to the lack of research on CBD's safety for cats of different ages, it is not clear whether it is safe to kittens. Generally, dose and frequency might vary based on age, size of your pet.
It is especially important to start with a low dose and observe the cat’s reaction. Senior cats may benefit from CBD’s potential anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving properties.
However, regardless of the cat’s age, it is essential to consult with a veterinarian before introducing CBD into their routine, to ensure safety and determine the appropriate dosage.
CBD oil dosage for cats
Determining the correct CBD oil dosage for cats often depends on their size. After reviewing several products, we noticed the most common recommended amount of CBD ranges 1–5 mg per 10 lbs. of the cat’s weight, adjusted according to the cat’s response and consultation with a vet.
Larger cats may require a higher dosage, while smaller cats may need less. The dosage may vary for different purposes, but the scientific data on this is inconclusive.
But take notice, always start with a low dosage and adjust under a veterinarian’s guidance.
We distill the available data (from what we can gather after reviewing several CBD products) for your convenience:
| Cat weight | Suggested starting dosage |
| 5 lbs. (2.3 kg) | 0.5–2.5 mg |
| 10 lbs. (4.5 kg) | 1–5 mg |
| 15 lbs. (6.8 kg) | 1.5–7.5 mg |
| 20 lbs. (9 kg) | 2–10 mg |
How to give CBD to your cat
Administering CBD oil to your cat can be accomplished in a few ways. The most direct method is to use the dropper to place the oil in the cat’s mouth, aiming for the area under the tongue for quicker absorption.
If your cat is resistant, you can also mix the CBD oil into their food or a treat. Some cats may prefer the taste mixed with tuna juice or wet food.
Always start with the recommended dosage, and monitor your cat’s reaction before adjusting the amount under the guidance of a veterinarian.
When will I see the effects of CBD for my cat?
The timing of CBD’s effects on your cat can vary based on several factors, including the dose, the cat’s size, metabolism.
Some cat owners report noticing changes within an hour of administering the oil, particularly in cases of acute anxiety or distress.
For chronic conditions like arthritis, consistent daily usage over several weeks may be necessary to see noticeable improvement.
As with any new treatment, patience and careful observation are key. Always monitor your cat’s behavior and physical condition and consult with a veterinarian if any concerns arise. Remember that every cat is unique and may respond differently to CBD oil.
Read more about the other beneficial supplementary products for pets
Best CBD oil for dogs anxiety and calming: top brands that help support your pooch's mental well-being.
Best CBD oil for dogs with arthritis: top products to enhance pet comfort
Best CBD dog treats for anxiety: the tastiest snacks to address your dog's anxiety
Best probiotics for dogs: top items that may improve your best friend's gut health
Best medicinal mushrooms for dogs: products to enhance your pet's immune system
Best cat DNA tests in 2024: tests to find out your cat's genetic profile
FAQ
Is hemp seed oil better for cats than CBD oil?
It depends. While hemp seed oil is rich in omega fatty acids, it only contains trace amounts of CBD and cannot provide the same array of benefits that are associated with CBD. While the evidence is limited, CBD may interact with the cat’s endocannabinoid system, potentially offering a wider range of health benefits.
Can CBD oil provide pain relief for cats?
Yes, CBD oil may help provide pain relief for cats. CBD interacts with the endocannabinoid system in the body, potentially reducing inflammation and alleviating pain. It could be beneficial for arthritis or other sources of chronic pain. Always consult a veterinarian before starting a CBD regimen.
What happens if I give too much CBD for my cat?
If a cat ingests too much CBD oil, it may experience mild side effects like lethargy, upset stomach, or changes in behavior. Severe reactions are rare but if your cat exhibits distress, contact a veterinarian immediately. Under veterinary guidance, start with a low dosage and adjust slowly.
How many CBD drops should I give my cat?
The right amount of CBD drops for your cat depends on its size and the CBD oil’s strength. A common recommendation is 1–5 mg of CBD per 10 lbs. of body weight, but it can vary based on individual needs. Always consult a vet before starting a CBD regimen.
While cannabinoids like CBD show some potential therapeutic benefits, it's essential to acknowledge that the existing scientific evidence regarding their application and safety in animals is presently limited. Consulting with a qualified veterinarian is essential before introducing any CBD products into your pet's regimen.
6 resources
- Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports. Cannabinoid, Terpene, and Heavy Metal Analysis of 29 Over-the-Counter Commercial Veterinary Hemp Supplements.
- Annual Review of Animal Biosciences. Scientific Validation of Cannabidiol for Management of Dog and Cat Diseases.
- Frontiers in Veterinary Science. Serum Cannabinoid 24 h and 1 Week Steady State Pharmacokinetic Assessment in Cats Using a CBD/CBDA Rich Hemp Paste.
- BSAVA Scientific Information Documents. Use of cannabidiol (CBD) in dogs and cats.
- Animals (Basel). Single-Dose Pharmacokinetics and Preliminary Safety Assessment with Use of CBD-Rich Hemp Nutraceutical in Healthy Dogs and Cats.
- Veterinarians.org. Your Ultimate Guide to CBD for Kittens.
Article history
Your email will not be published. All fields are required.